Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a type of pulmonary hypertension (PH). It is a serious and life-threatening lung disease that affects the blood vessels in the lungs. PAH occurs when the blood vessels from the heart to the lungs become narrower and less flexible, causing difficulty for blood to flow through them. This leads to an increase in blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, which can result in heart failure and other complications.
PAH is not common. It is more frequently seen in females, although it can occur at any age. People with connective tissue diseases, HIV, and liver disease are more likely to develop PAH. Additionally, certain environmental factors, such as exposure to specific drugs and toxins, can increase the risk of PAH.
Symptoms and progression of PAH
In the early stages of PAH, individuals may not experience any noticeable symptoms. However, as the disease progresses, symptoms typically develop after several months or even years. Common symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, dizziness, fainting, and swollen legs. These symptoms get worse over time, making it difficult for patients to carry out their daily activities. If left untreated, PAH can be fatal.
Diagnosis and treatment of PAH
The causes of PAH are not well understood and may be related to genetic factors, autoimmune and pulmonary vasoconstriction factors. PAH can also be caused by various heart, lung, or pulmonary vascular diseases.
Diagnosis of PAH requires a comprehensive medical history, physical examination, imaging tests and blood tests. An electrocardiogram and chest x-ray are often used. For high-risk or suspected patients, echocardiography and other tests are performed to confirm the diagnosis. Once a diagnosis has been made, doctors will carry out appropriate tests to analyse the cause, type and severity of the condition.
Treatment options for PAH include medications such as vasodilators and anticoagulants, as well as oxygen therapy and, in some cases, surgery. Regular monitoring and follow-up are essential for managing PAH and preventing complications.
In daily life, people with PAH can take reasonable exercise but should not overexert themselves. People with PAH are susceptible to lung infections, which should be prevented.
Conclusion
Pulmonary hypertension (PH), especially pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), can be life-threatening. Therefore, it is crucial to diagnose and treat the condition early to achieve the best possible outcomes. Although there is currently no cure for some types of PAH, early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve patients’ quality of life and extend their lifespan. People with PAH should work actively with their healthcare team to develop individualised treatment plans and receive regular follow-up care.