Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a serious condition that happens when a blood clot blocks one of the arteries in the lungs. This blockage can make it hard to breathe and, in severe cases, can even be life-threatening.

What causes pulmonary embolism?

Most of the time, PE is caused by a blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the legs or pelvis. This is called deep vein thrombosis (DVT). If a piece of the clot breaks off, it can travel through the bloodstream and get stuck in the lungs, causing a PE. Here are the main reasons why this happens:

1. Sitting or lying still for too long: For example, after surgery, during long flights, or when you’re bedridden for a long time. When you don’t move much, blood flow slows down, making it easier for clots to form.
2. Surgery or injury: Especially surgeries involving the hips, knees, or abdomen, or major injuries like fractures.
3. Cancer: Some cancers (like pancreatic, lung, or ovarian cancer) can make your blood more likely to clot.
4. Family history: Some people inherit conditions that make their blood clot more easily, like Factor V Leiden mutation.
5. Pregnancy or birth Control: Hormonal changes during pregnancy or from taking birth control pills can increase the risk of clots.
6. Obesity or smoking: Being at a higher body weight or smoking can also make your blood more prone to clotting.

Other, less common causes include fat clots (after a bone fracture), air bubbles (from medical procedures), or even tumor cells breaking off and blocking lung arteries.

What are the symptoms?

PE can come on suddenly or develop over time. Here are the most common signs to watch for:

• Shortness of breath: This is the most common symptom, often sudden and severe.
• Chest pain: Especially when you take a deep breath or cough. It might feel sharp or like a heavy pressure.
• Coughing: Sometimes with blood.
• Fast heartbeat: Your heart might race because it’s working harder to pump blood.
• Dizziness or fainting: This can happen if the blockage is severe and your brain isn’t getting enough oxygen.
• Swelling or pain in the leg: If the clot started in your leg, you might notice one leg is swollen, red, or painful.

How is pulmonary embolism diagnosed?

If a doctor suspects PE, they’ll likely do the following tests:

1. D-dimer blood test: If this test is normal, PE is unlikely. But if it’s high, more tests are needed.
2. CT scan (CTPA): This is the most common way to check for a clot in the lungs. It’s quick and accurate.
3. V/Q scan: This is another type of scan used if a CT isn’t possible, like if you’re allergic to the dye used in CT scans.
4. Ultrasound of the legs: If the doctor thinks the clot came from your legs, they might use an ultrasound to check for DVT.

How is it treated?

The goal of treatment is to stop the clot from growing and prevent new ones from forming. Here’s how it’s done:

1. Blood thinners (Anticoagulants): These are the most common treatments. Medications like heparin, warfarin, or newer drugs (e.g., rivaroxaban) help thin the blood and prevent clots.
2. Clot-busting drugs (Thrombolytics): In emergencies, when the clot is very large and causing severe symptoms, doctors might use stronger drugs to dissolve the clot quickly.
3. Surgery or procedures: In rare cases, if the clot is very large and life-threatening, doctors might need to remove it using a catheter or surgery.

How can you prevent pulmonary embolism?

Preventing PE is all about reducing your risk of blood clots. Here’s what you can do:

1. Stay active: If you’ve been sitting or lying down for a long time, try to move around regularly. Even simple leg exercises can help.
2. Wear compression stockings: These can help improve blood flow in your legs, especially if you’re at risk for DVT.
3. Take blood thinners if prescribed: If you’re at high risk (e.g., after surgery), your doctor might recommend blood thinners.
4. Live a healthy lifestyle: Maintain a healthy weight, exercise regularly, and avoid smoking.

What’s the outlook?

If treated quickly, most people with PE recover fully. However, if it’s not treated, PE can lead to serious complications like chronic lung damage or even death. That’s why it’s so important to recognize the symptoms and seek medical help right away.

Final thoughts

Pulmonary embolism is a serious condition, but with prompt treatment, it’s often manageable. If you or someone you know experiences sudden shortness of breath, chest pain, or leg swelling, don’t wait—get medical attention immediately. And remember, staying active and living a healthy lifestyle can go a long way in preventing PE. Stay safe and take care of your body!